Herr Langner advises against Intrusion Detection

The Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team (ICS-CERT) issued a security advisory for Siemens' SIMATIC Step 7 PLCs a couple of weeks ago. I've previously recommended asset owners to monitor the network traffic in their Industrial Control Systems (ICS), and ICS-CERT have followed my line of thinking by suggesting the following defensive measures:

"Configure an intrusion detection system (IDS) to monitor traffic for unusual or unauthorized activity.

• Monitor traffic on the ISO-TSAP protocol, Port 102/TCP.
• Monitor traffic being unexpectedly sent outside the automation network.
• Monitor traffic between workstations. This traffic may be indicative of attacker pivoting through your network"

The German ICS security cowboy Ralph Langner has written a somewhat confused blog post where he is critisizing ICS-CERT's advisory. In this blog post Langner says the following about ICS-CERT's recommendation to monitor the ISO-TSAP traffic:

"It would be interesting to learn how the authors of the advisory suggest this should actually be done. We wonder if they have ever peeked into the data traffic of a Siemens PLC’s port 102 in a real installation [...] In order to make any sense out of TCP port 102 traffic it is required to do deep packet inspection. Unfortunately, the details of the layer seven protocol that needs to be analyzed, along with certain peculiarities at layer four such as pre-defined binary TSAPs, are not documented by the vendor. So in essence what ICS-CERT suggests is that asset owners start reverse analyzing the S7 protocol in order to configure their intrusion detection systems, which seems like a far stretch."

So, is Langner saying that the Siemens S7 protocol is too complicated to be reverse engineered? If encrypted and strongly obfuscated protocols like Skype can be reversed, then the S7 protocol should be a piece of cake. I've manually reverse engineered multiple protocols when building protocol parsers for NetworkMiner, and I can testify that most unencrypted and non-obfuscated protocols can be reversed in just a few hours. It would therefore be quite simple for IDS vendors to add support for the S7 protocol to their software. I also believe that even a very rudimentary IDS functionality, which just checks which IP addresses that are communicating over TCP port 102, would provide value. Such a simple feature doesn't even require the IDS vendor to implement a parser for the S7 protocol or even the ISO-TSAP protocol.

Ralph also criticizes ICS-CERT's recommendation to "Monitor traffic being unexpectedly sent outside the automation network" by saying:

"While the advice per se might not be completely wrong, we don’t see any relation to the Beresford vulns which highlight the risk of process manipulation, not the risk of industrial espionage and exfiltration of trade secrets."

A machine on an ICS network trying to contact an external IP address is typical Indicator of Compromise, but Langner fails to understand this basic principle of network security monitoring and incident response. Malware very often use outbound connections to access Command-and-Control servers as well as to download additional software to maintain its foothold on the infected machine. I'm certain that this is why ICS-CERT recommend asset owners to monitor for outgoing traffic, especially since ICS systems normally don't communicate with external systems and typically don't host any confidential data or "trade secrets".

A point that ICS-CERT failed to stress, however, is the need for asset owners to also store the full content network traffic (pcap files) from their network monitoring installations. This is an absolute necessity when investigating an alert from an IDS in order to better determine if an event is a security incident or just a false positive.

More on capturing network traffic can be read in my blog post Sniffing Tutorial part 2 - Dumping Network Traffic to Disk.

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Posted by Erik Hjelmvik on Wednesday, 24 August 2011 14:47:00 (UTC/GMT)

Monitor those Control System Networks!

Network security monitoring is an ideal security feature to apply to industrial control system networks. Owners of the IT-systems that control our critical infrastructure have unfortunately not yet understood the usefulness of monitoring their own network traffic.

SCADA security has in the past few years become a hot topic at mainstream hacker conferences like BlackHat and DEFCON. Stuxnet has also increased the interest for SCADA security even more in the “traditional” IT security and hacking community. This interest has caused security researchers to find and publicly disclose  multiple  vulnerabilities in SCADA and Industrial Control Systems (ICS).

Having worked with IT security for a major electric utility company (in the pre-Stuxnet era) I know from my own experience that the resilience against network based hacking attacks varies greatly between different brands and models of PLCs and RTUs. But an attacker with access to a control system network don't need to use any vulnerability to control a PLC. The reason for this is that the communication protocols used by these embedded devices don't use authentication. The attacker can therefore simply send any commands he wishes to the PLCs to make them open a dam gate, blow a generator or spin a centrifuge out of control; no vulnerabilities needed!

This morning I read a blog post titled “PLC’s: Insecure By Design v. Vulnerabilities” written by Dale G Peterson (an old friend from my SCADA security days). In this blog post Dale stresses the fact that many control system devices are “Insecure By Design”. He also mentions Secure DNP3 (an encrypted SCADA protocol that basically is an American fork from the IEC 60870-5 standard), which can increase security by introducing authentication and encryption.

I've always been against introducing any form of encryption in control system environments since availability is what's needed in these environments, not confidentiality! Adding encryption is also against the KISS principle, which should always be a foundation when designing control systems.

Instead I see two major efforts that the ICS community need to carry out in order to achieve better security. The first effort is to segment the ICS networks into different security zones and apply appropriate perimeter protection between the zones. The second effort is to establish proper network security monitoring of the control system networks.

Segmentation and perimeter protection are nowadays widely accepted measures in the ICS community. There are even special ICS firewall vendors, such as Tofino, RuggedCom and Moxa. Even crazy concepts such as “unidirectional gateways” are successfully used to protect critical ICS networks.

But the concept of network security monitoring has, on the other hand, not really been grasped by the ICS community yet. It actually seems as if they don't even understand the value provided by monitoring the network traffic in control systems. The ANSI/ISA-TR99 standard does, for example, mention “sniffing” several times, but only in the context of sniffing being a threat rather than treating it as a security control. The DHS document “Cyber Security Procurement Language for Control Systems” even contains this somewhat absurd statement:

“Scanning is an effective tool to identify vulnerabilities. Use caution, however, because active scanning of live control system networks has been known to disable the networks during operations. FAT and SAT provide critical opportunities for active scanning tests without an impact to production. Even passive scanning is not recommended on production systems until the impact to operations is fully understood.”

(emphasis added)

Ignoring the fact that they write “passive scanning” when they refer to “sniffing” or “network monitoring” I can't really believe that DHS recommend control system owners to avoid monitoring their own network traffic. Shame on you DHS!

I therefore take it upon myself to educate the authors of these misguiding standards as well as control system owners as to why they should monitor their networks. Here are six good reasons for why process control system networks should be monitored:

1. Embedded devices used in control systems do often have poor or none-existent host based security logging. Event logs as well as security logs can be built simply by sniffing and analyzing sniffed network traffic, without having to introduce any additional complexity to the embedded devices.
2. There is usually no centralized administration of the devices on a control system network, and network diagrams often differ significantly from the reality. Performing an NMAP scan of a control system network isn't suitable since that actually can cause some devices to crash (trust me!), but an inventory of the devices on a network can easily be created simply by sniffing network traffic. See my article “Passive Network Security Analysis with NetworkMiner” for more details.
3. Viruses and worms can get to even isolated/air gapped networks, either through USB flash drives or through infected laptops that get connected to the isolated network. Many viruses can be detected simply by looking at the network traffic they generate when they attempt to establish a connectionto a command-and-control server. In the case with Stuxnet, for example, the infected machines would try to establish connections to the domains mypremierfutbol [dot] com and todaysfutbol [dot] com. Any attempts to lookup external DNS names from within an isolated network are always worth looking closer at!
4. Prevention eventually fails, i.e. no matter how secure you think your network is someone or something will eventually penetrate your perimeter protection. So you'll better be prepared!
5. Assume your network security perimeter has already been breached. In a recent report from McAfee Dmitri Alperovitch (VP Threat Research at McAfee) writes:

   “Having investigated intrusions such as Operation Aurora and Night Dragon (systemic long-term compromise of Western oil and gas industry), as well as numerous others that have not been disclosed publicly, I am convinced that every company in every conceivable industry with significant size and valuable intellectual property and trade secrets has been compromised (or will be shortly), with the great majority of the victims rarely discovering the intrusion or its impact. In fact, I divide the entire set of Fortune Global 2000 firms into two categories: those that know they’ve been compromised and those that don’t yet know.”

   The best way to find out if you are infected is to monitor your network for suspicious traffic.
6. Network security monitoring is simple and doesn't affect the network being monitored! Check out my sniffing tutorials “Intercepting Network Traffic” and “Dumping Network Traffic to Disk” to get an introduction.

Now, go out there and sniff those process control networks! ;)

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Posted by Erik Hjelmvik on Wednesday, 03 August 2011 18:56:00 (UTC/GMT)