NETRESEC Network Security Blog - Tag : CapLoader

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CapLoader 1.9.7 Released

CapLoader 1.9.7

A new release of CapLoader has been published! Some of the changes can be seen directly in the user interface, such as Community ID values for flows and a few other new columns in the Flows and Services tabs. Other improvements are more subtle, like improved detection of remote management protocols and malicious C2 protocols.

User Interface Improvements

The most important user interface update is probably the addition of a Community_ID column in the Flows tab, which shows a unique Community ID string for each flow. The community ID is a common flow identifier that can be used to correlate traffic in CapLoader with alerts or events from tools like Zeek, Suricata, MISP or Arkime.

CapLoader 1.9.4 with Retransmissions and Community ID

CapLoader now has a column named Retransmissions in both Flows and Services tab, which shows an estimate of how many percent of the packets in each flow or service that are retransmissions. This value can be used to quickly diagnose a network issue without having to inspect network traffic on a packet-by-packet level.

We have also added a column named Client_IP_TTL to CapLoader’s Flows tab, which can be used to differentiate between NAT’ed clients that share a single public IP address – provided that they run operating systems with different IP TTL of course! There is also a new column in the Services tab called First_Seen, which shows when each service was first observed in the analyzed network traffic.

The Severity and Severity_Label columns in the Alerts tab are now colored according to severity level, where red means High, orange is Medium, yellow is Low and blue is Info (the exact color codes were borrowed from the US Homeland Security Advisory System scale).

Alerts in CapLoader 1.9.4

We have also included a handy little feature that allows you to append additional PCAP files to an existing analysis session simply by holding down Ctrl while drag-and-dropping another capture file onto CapLoader. The “Append File(s)” option is also available under CapLoader’s File menu.

Even More Protocols Identified

CapLoader’s unique ability to identify protocols regardless of port has been improved and we’ve also added detections for several new protocols. For this release we’ve focused adding detection for remote monitoring and management (RMM) protocols, such as ConnectWise (formerly ScreenConnect), AnyDesk, NetSupport (including NetSupport RAT), TeamViewer (including TVRAT) and RMS (Remote Utilities). This enables CapLoader to alert whenever an RMM protocol is detected.

We’ve also added detection of several new malware protocols, including Matanbuchus, Meduza Stealer, SectopRAT, STRRAT and zgRAT.

Even More Protocols Decapsulated

DECAPSULATE ALL THE THINGS

CapLoader already decapsulates flows inside of GRE, VXLAN and CapWap. With this release we add support for decapsulation of Teredo, GTP-U, TZSP as well as IP-in-IP traffic, so that tunneled traffic can be analyzed without any additional effort.

Credits

I would like to thank Jarmo Lahtiranta for the TZSP idea and Lenny Hansson for pointing out the need for improved protocol detection. I would also like to thank Christian Kreibich and his fellow Corelight devs for creating and open sourcing the Community ID project.

Updating to the Latest Release

Users who have already purchased a license for CapLoader can download a free update to version 1.9.7 from our customer portal or by clicking “Check for Updates” in CapLoader’s Help menu.

Posted by Erik Hjelmvik on Friday, 06 September 2024 09:45:00 (UTC/GMT)

Tags: #CapLoader#TZSP#TTL

Short URL: https://netresec.com/?b=2499359


Kubernetes Cryptojacking

In this video I take a look at a cryptojacking attack against a Kubernetes honeypot. The attackers were surprisingly quick to discover this unsecured Kubernetes deployment and use it to mine Monero for them.

The analyzed capture files can be downloaded from
https://share.netresec.com/s/S5ZG2cDKB9AbqwS?path=%2Fk3s-443

This PCAP dataset was created by Noah Spahn, Nils Hanke, Thorsten Holz, Chris Kruegel, and Giovanni Vigna as part of their research for their Container Orchestration Honeypot: Observing Attacks in the Wild paper.

The capture files named "proxy-", such as the analyzed proxy-220404-162837.pcap, were generated by PolarProxy and contain the decrypted Kubernetes API traffic to the master node. This traffic was actually TLS encrypted, but since PolarProxy was used as a TLS interception proxy we can see the Kubernetes API traffic in decrypted form.

IOC List

  • attacker IP: 102.165.16.27 (PIA VPN)
  • kind: DeamonSet
  • name: api-proxy
  • namespace: kube-system
  • image: dorjik/xmrig
  • mining pool: gulf.moneroocean.stream:1012
  • annotation: kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration
  • Monero wallet address: 41pdpXWNMe6NvuDASWXn6ZMdPk4N6amucCHHstNcw2y8caJNdgN4kNeW3QFfc3amCiJ9x6dh8pLboR6minjYZpgk1szkeGg

Posted by Erik Hjelmvik on Tuesday, 07 May 2024 07:50:00 (UTC/GMT)

Tags: #video#CapLoader#PolarProxy

Short URL: https://netresec.com/?b=245f018


Hunting for Cobalt Strike in PCAP

In this video I analyze a pcap file with network traffic from Cobalt Strike Beacon using CapLoader.

The pcap file and Cobalt Strike malware config can be downloaded from Recorded Future's Triage sandbox.

Cobalt Strike Beacon configs can also be extracted locally with help of Didier Stevens' 1768.py or Fox-IT's dissect.cobaltstrike.

IOC List

  • MD5 99516071d8f3e78e51200948bf377c4c
  • SHA1 59fe505b24bdfa54ee6e4188ed8b88af9a42eb86
  • SHA256 10e68f3e6c73161a1bba85ef9bada0cd79e25382ea8f8635bec4aa51bfe6c707
  • JA3 a0e9f5d64349fb13191bc781f81f42e1
  • JA4 t12d190800_d83cc789557e_7af1ed941c26
  • IP:port 104.21.88.185:2096 (Cloudflare)
  • Domain mail.googlesmail.xyz (Go Daddy)

Network Forensics Training

Are you interested in learning more about how to analyze network traffic from Cobalt Strike and other backdoors, malware and hacker tools? Then take a look at our upcoming network forensics classes!

Posted by Erik Hjelmvik on Thursday, 04 January 2024 10:12:00 (UTC/GMT)

Tags: #Cobalt Strike#CobaltStrike#Triage#JA3#a0e9f5d64349fb13191bc781f81f42e1#ThreatFox#CapLoader#Video#videotutorial

Short URL: https://netresec.com/?b=2410f02


CapLoader 1.9.6 Released

CapLoader 1.9.6

CapLoader now detects even more malicious protocols and includes several new features such as JA4 fingerprints, API support for sharing IOCs to ThreatFox and OSINT lookups of malware families on Malpedia. The new CapLoader 1.9.6 release also comes with several improvements of the user interface, for example interactive filtering of flows and services with regular expressions.

Detection of Malware C2 Protocols

Malware authors continually keep coming up with new C2 protocols for defenders to detect. Luckily we don’t need to manually create protocol signatures for CapLoader, we only need a few examples of traffic for a protocol to generate a statistical model that CapLoader can use to detect that protocol. We call this feature Port Independent Protocol Identification (PIPI).

We’ve added support for detecting of the following protocols in this new release of CapLoader:

Malicious protocols detected by CapLoader

Image: Protocols identified in PCAP files with malware traffic from various sandboxes (ANY.RUN, Hybrid-Analysis, Joe Sandbox and Triage)

Our PIPI feature can also detect protocols inside of other protocols, such as Cobalt Strike, DCRat, Emotet, Formbook, Gozi ISFB, GzipLoader and Socks5Systemz which all run on top of HTTP. It is sometimes even possible to identify malicious protocols that use TLS encryption, such as AsyncRAT, Cobalt Strike, Emotet, IcedID or Remcos. However, detection of malicious TLS encrypted protocols is a difficult challenge and might be subject to false positives.

Sharing IOCs to ThreatFox

ThreatFox is a free online service for sharing indicators of compromise (IOCs) from malware. ThreatFox can be queried for a particular malware family, such as RedLine Stealer, and it’ll return a list of URLs, domain names and IP:port pairs used for C2 communication or payload delivery for that malware. You can also query for a domain or IP address to see if it’s a known C2 address of any malware or botnet.

CapLoader has supported OSINT lookup of IP addresses and domains on ThreatFox since the release of version 1.9, but with this release we also add the ability to contribute by sharing IOCs with the infosec community. All you need to do is to enter your ThreatFox API-key in CapLoader’s settings, then right-click a flow, service or alert and select “Submit to ThreatFox”.

Submitting Loda IOC to ThreatFox

Image: Submission of microsoft.net.linkpc[.]net to ThreatFox

If the right-clicked item is an alert for a “Malicious protocol” then CapLoader will automatically populate the Mapledia Name field, as shown in the screenshot (win.loda).

TLS Client Fingerprinting with JA4

John Althouse announced the new JA4+ fingerprint methods a couple of months ago on the FoxIO blog. In short JA4+ is a suite of methods designed to fingerprint implementations of a specific set of protocols, including TLS, HTTP and SSH. As you’ve probably guessed JA4+ is a successor to the JA3 and JA3S hashes that we’ve learned to love (we added JA3 fingerprinting to NetworkMiner in 2019).

Most of the fingerprinting methods in the JA4+ suite are patent pending except for the TLS client fingerprinting method “JA4”, which FoxIO does not have patent claims and is not planning to pursue patent coverage for. We have therefore built a JA4 fingerprinting engine that we’ve included in this CapLoader release. Future releases of NetworkMiner will hopefully also include our JA4 fingerprinting engine.

JA3 and JA4 fingerprints of Remcos traffic. a85be79f7b569f1df5e6087b69deb493 t13i010400_0f2cb44170f4_5c4c70b73fa0 t13i010400_0f2cb44170f4_1b583af8cc09

Image: JA3 and JA4 hashes of Remcos C2 traffic

JA4 is similar to JA3 in many ways, but one essential difference is that JA4 fingerprints are something of a fuzzy hash of the client’s handshake rather than a MD5 hash of the raw fingerprint. JA3’s use of MD5 hashing has received criticism, for example in academic literature, partly due to the inability to see if two JA3 hashes have similar TLS handshakes.

JA4 hash explained. Breakdown of Remcos JA4 hash t13i010400_0f2cb44170f4_5c4c70b73fa0

JA4 does use hashes, but instead of just being one big hash it breaks the fingerprint into three separate sections; where the first section is used in its raw (non-hashed) format and the other two sections are hashed separately. Thus, an update of a TLS implementation, which only adds one additional cipher, will increment the cipher counter in the first section of the JA4 fingerprint by one and the ciphers hash (second section) will get a new value. The hash in the last section will remain intact.

In the previous CapLoader screenshot with Remcos C2 traffic we see TLS handshakes that have the same JA3 hash (a85be79f7b569f1df5e6087b69deb493) but the JA4 fingerprints have different values (t13i010400_0f2cb44170f4_5c4c70b73fa0 and t13i010400_0f2cb44170f4_1b583af8cc09). The reason why the last JA4 section is different even though the JA3 hash is the same is because some of these TLS handshakes present a different set of signature algorithms, which is a parameter that isn't being used in JA3.

Alerts Tab

CapLoader’s Alerts tab now includes more alert types than before and each alert has a severity rating graded as follows:

  • High = 4
  • Medium = 3
  • Low = 2
  • Info = 1

A typical high-severity alert is when a known malicious protocol is detected, while an “Info” type alert can provide a heads up about traffic from things like coin mining or legitimate remote admin tools. As you can see in the screenshot below the alerts are sorted based on severity to make it easier to prioritize them.

Alerts in CapLoader for 2023-10-16-IcedID-infection.pcap

Image: CapLoader alerts for 2023-10-16-IcedID-infection.pcap

Here’s a breakdown of the alerts shown in the CapLoader screenshot above:

All these alerts are indicators of an IcedID infection, including the 5 minute C2 connection interval which I have mentioned before.

Other User Interface Improvements

CapLoader’s “Column Criteria” row filter could previously only be used to filter on columns with a specific value, such as “Protocol = TLS”. This new release of CapLoader additionally allows users to do substring matching with the “contains” keyword and regular expression (regex) matching with the “matching” keyword. In the screenshot below the Column Criteria “Hostname matches \.local$” is used to only show hosts that have a hostname ending with “.local”.

RegEx matching of .local hostnames

We’ve also added an often asked for feature to CapLoader, namely the ability to switch between different flows in the Transcript window.

CapLoader Transcript. Change this number to show next flow

The flows you can switch between depends on how the transcript window was opened. A flow transcript opened from the Flows tab will allow switching between the flows that were visible in the list from where the transcript was opened. A transcript opened from any of the other tabs (Services, Hosts or Alerts), on the other hand, allows switching between the different flows for the particular service, host or alert that was opened.

Credits

I would like to thank Nic Cerny, Trent Healy and Fredrik Ginsberg for their input on various improvements that have been implemented in CapLoader 1.9.6.

Updating to the Latest Release

Users who have already purchased a license for CapLoader can download a free update to version 1.9.6 from our customer portal or by clicking “Check for Updates” in CapLoader’s Help menu.

Posted by Erik Hjelmvik on Wednesday, 15 November 2023 12:08:00 (UTC/GMT)

Tags: #CapLoader#ThreatFox#JA3#JA4#IcedID#GzipLoader#regex

Short URL: https://netresec.com/?b=23B6bcd


QakBot C2 Traffic

In this video I analyze network traffic from a QakBot (QBot) infection in order to identify the Command-and-Control (C2) traffic. The analyzed PCAP file is from malware-traffic-analysis.net.

IOC List

  • C2 IP and port: 80.47.61.240:2222
  • C2 IP and port: 185.80.53.210:443
  • QakBot proxy IP and port: 23.111.114.52:65400
  • JA3: 72a589da586844d7f0818ce684948eea
  • JA3S: ec74a5c51106f0419184d0dd08fb05bc
  • JA3S: fd4bc6cea4877646ccd62f0792ec0b62
  • meieou.info X.509 cert hash: 9de2a1c39fbe1952221c4b78b8d21dc3afe53a3e
  • meieou.info X.509 cert Subject OU: Hoahud Duhcuv Dampvafrog
  • meieou.info X.509 cert Issuer O: Qdf Wah Uotvzke LLC.
  • gifts.com X.509 cert hash: 0c7a37f55a0b0961c96412562dd0cf0b0b867d37
  • HTML Body Hash: 22e5446e82b3e46da34b5ebce6de5751664fb867
  • HTML Title: Welcome to CentOS

Links

For more analysis of QakBot network traffic, check out my Hunting for C2 Traffic video.

Posted by Erik Hjelmvik on Thursday, 02 March 2023 12:43:00 (UTC/GMT)

Tags: #QakBot#QBot#C2#Video#malware-traffic-analysis.net#ThreatFox#ec74a5c51106f0419184d0dd08fb05bc#fd4bc6cea4877646ccd62f0792ec0b62#CapLoader#NetworkMiner

Short URL: https://netresec.com/?b=233eaa1


How to Identify IcedID Network Traffic

Brad Duncan published IcedID (Bokbot) from fake Microsoft Teams page earlier this week. In this video I take a closer look at the PCAP file in that blog post.

Note: This video was recorded in a Windows Sandbox to minimize the risk of infecting the host PC in case of accidental execution of a malicious payload from the network traffic.

As I have previously pointed out, IcedID sends beacons to the C2 server with a 5 minute interval. According to Kai Lu’s blog post A Deep Dive Into IcedID Malware: Part 2, this 5 minute interval is caused by a call to WaitForSingleObject with a millisecond timeout parameter of 0x493e0 (300,000), which is exactly 5 minutes.

UPDATE 2023-03-22

In the research paper Thawing the permafrost of ICEDID Elastic Security Labs confirm that IcedID's default polling interval is 5 minutes. They also mention that this interval is configurable:

Once initialized, ICEDID starts its C2 polling thread for retrieving new commands to execute from one of its C2 domains. The polling loop checks for a new command every N seconds as defined by the g_c2_polling_interval_seconds global variable. By default this interval is 5 minutes, but one of the C2 commands can modify this variable.

The IcedID trojan uses a custom BackConnect protocol in order to interact with victim computers through VNC, a file manager or by establishing a reverse shell. There was no IcedID BackConnect traffic in this particular PCAP file though, but severalother IcedID capture files published on malware-traffic-analysis.net do contain IcedID BackConnect traffic. For more information on this proprietary protocol, please see our blog post IcedID BackConnect Protocol.

IOC List

Fake Microsoft Teams download page

  • URL: hxxp://microsofteamsus[.]top/en-us/teams/download-app/
  • MD5: 5dae65273bf39f866a97684e8b4b1cd3
  • SHA256: e365acb47c98a7761ad3012e793b6bcdea83317e9baabf225d51894cc8d9e800
  • More info: urlscan.io

IcedID GzipLoader

  • Filename: Setup_Win_13-02-2023_16-33-14.exe
  • MD5: 7327fb493431fa390203c6003bd0512f
  • SHA256: 68fcd0ef08f5710071023f45dfcbbd2f03fe02295156b4cbe711e26b38e21c00
  • More info: Triage

IcedID payload disguised as fake gzip file

  • URL: hxxp://alishabrindeader[.]com/
  • MD5: 8e1e70f15a76c15cc9a5a7f37c283d11
  • SHA256: 7eb6e8fdd19fc6b852713c19a879fe5d17e01dc0fec62fa9dec54a6bed1060e7
  • More info: IcedID GZIPLOADER Analysis by Binary Defense

IcedID C2 communication

  • IP and port: 192.3.76.227:443
  • DNS: treylercompandium[.]com
  • DNS: qonavlecher[.]com
  • X.509 certificate SHA1: b523e3d33e7795de49268ce7744d7414aa37d1db
  • X.509 certificate SHA256: f0416cff86ae1ecc1570cccb212f3eb0ac8068bcf9c0e3054883cbf71e0ab2fb
  • JA3: a0e9f5d64349fb13191bc781f81f42e1
  • JA3S: ec74a5c51106f0419184d0dd08fb05bc
  • Beacon interval: 5 minutes
  • More info: ThreatFox

Network Forensics Training

Check out our upcoming live network forensics classes for more hands-on network forensic analysis. Our current class material doesn’t include any IcedID traffic though, instead you’ll get to investigate C2 traffic from Cobalt Strike, TrickBot, njRAT, Meterpreter and a few others.

Posted by Erik Hjelmvik on Wednesday, 15 February 2023 10:52:00 (UTC/GMT)

Tags: #IcedID#CapLoader#Video#Periodicity#GzipLoader#a0e9f5d64349fb13191bc781f81f42e1#ec74a5c51106f0419184d0dd08fb05bc

Short URL: https://netresec.com/?b=23242ad


CapLoader 1.9.5 Alerts on Malicious Traffic

CapLoader 1.9.5 was released today!

The most important addition in the 1.9.5 release is the new Alerts tab, in which CapLoader warns about malicious network traffic such as command-and-control protocols. The alerts tab also shows information about network anomalies that often are related to malicious traffic, such as periodic connections to a particular service or long running sessions.

Other additions in this new version are:

  • BPF support for “vlan” keyword, for example “vlan”, “not vlan” or “vlan 121”
  • Support for nanosecond PCAP files (magic 0xa1b23c4d)
  • Support for FRITZ!Box PCAP files (magic 0xa1b2cd34)
  • Decapsulation of CAPWAP protocol, so that flows inside CAPWAP can be viewed and filtered on
  • Domain names extracted from TLS SNI extensions

Alerts for Malicious Network Traffic

As you can see in the video at the end of this blog post, the Alert tab is a fantastic addition for everyone who wants to detect malicious activity in network traffic. Not only can it alert on over 30 different malicious command-and-control (C2) protocols — including Cerber, Gozi ISFB, IcedID, RedLine Stealer, njRAT and QakBot — it also alerts on generic behavior that is typically seen in malware traffic. Examples of such generic behavior are periodic connections to a C2 server or long running TCP connections. This type of behavioral analysis can be used to detect C2 and backdoor traffic even when the protocol is unknown. There are also signatures that detect “normal” protocols, such as HTTP, TLS or SSH running on non-standard ports as well as the reverse, where a standard port like TCP 443 is carrying a protocol that isn’t TLS.

Many of CapLoader’s alert signatures are modeled after threat hunting techniques, which can be used to detect malicious activities that traditional alerting mechanisms like antivirus, EDR’s and IDS’s might have missed. By converting the logic involved in such threat hunting tasks into signatures a great deal of the analysts’ time can be saved. In this sense part of CapLoader’s alerting mechanism is a form of automated threat hunting, which saves several steps in the process of finding malicious network traffic in a packet haystack.

Watch my Hunting for C2 Traffic video for a demonstration on the steps required to perform manual network based threat hunting without CapLoader's alerts tab. In that video I identify TLS traffic to a non-TLS port (TCP 2222) as well as non-TLS traffic to TCP port 443. As of version 1.9.5 CapLoader automatically generates alerts for that type of traffic. More specifically, the alert types will be Protocol-port mismatch (TLS on TCP 2222) and Port-protocol mismatch (non-TLS on TCP 443). Below is a screenshot of CapLoader’s new Alerts tab after having loaded the capture files analyzed in the Hunting for C2 Traffic video.

Alerts produced by CapLoader 1.9.5 after loading the three PCAP files from malware-traffic-analysis.net

Image: Alerts for malicious traffic in CapLoader 1.9.5.

Video Demonstration of CapLoader's Alerts Tab

The best way to explain the power of CapLoader’s Alerts tab is probably by showing it in action. I have therefore recorded the following video demonstration.

The PCAP file analyzed in the video can be downloaded from here:
https://media.netresec.com/pcap/McDB_150724-18-22_FpF90.pcap

This capture file is a small snippet of the network traffic analyzed in one of my old network forensics classes. It contains malicious traffic from njRAT and Kovter mixed with a great deal of legitimate web traffic.

Posted by Erik Hjelmvik on Thursday, 09 February 2023 14:30:00 (UTC/GMT)

Tags: #CapLoader#Video#njRAT#Threat Hunting

Short URL: https://netresec.com/?b=232e498


Hunting for C2 Traffic

In this video I look for C2 traffic by doing something I call Rinse-Repeat Threat Hunting, which is a method for removing "normal" traffic in order to look closer at what isn't normal.

The video was recorded in a Windows Sandbox in order to avoid accidentally infecting my Windows PC with malware.

The PCAP files analyzed in the video are:

Thank you for sharing these capture files Brad!

IOC List

  • QBot source: 23.29.125.210
  • QBot md5: 2b55988c0d236edd5ea1a631ccd37b76
  • QBot sha1: 033a22c3bb2b0dd1677973e1ae6280e5466e771c
  • QBot sha256: 2d68755335776e3de28fcd1757b7dcc07688b31c37205ce2324d92c2f419c6f0
  • Qbot proxy protocol server: 23.111.114.52:65400
  • QBot C2: 45.46.53.140:2222
  • QBot C2 JA3: 51c64c77e60f3980eea90869b68c58a8
  • QBot C2 JA3S : 7c02dbae662670040c7af9bd15fb7e2f
  • QBot X.509 domain: thdoot.info
  • QBot X.509 thumbprint: 5a8ee4be30bd5da709385940a1a6e386e66c20b6
  • IcedID BackConnect server: 78.31.67.7:443
  • IcedID BackConnect server: 91.238.50.80:8080

References and Links

Update 2022-10-13

Part two of this analysis has been published: IcedID BackConnect Protocol

Posted by Erik Hjelmvik on Friday, 30 September 2022 12:37:00 (UTC/GMT)

Tags: #Threat Hunting#PCAP#CapLoader#NetworkMiner#NetworkMiner Professional#Video#QBot#QakBot#51c64c77e60f3980eea90869b68c58a8#IcedID#TA578

Short URL: https://netresec.com/?b=2296553

2022 June

CapLoader 1.9.4 Released

2021 November

Open .ETL Files with NetworkMiner and CapLoader

2021 August

Carving Packets from Memory

2021 July

Walkthrough of DFIR Madness PCAP

2021 May

Detecting Cobalt Strike and Hancitor traffic in PCAP

CapLoader 1.9 Released

2021 April

Analysing a malware PCAP with IcedID and Cobalt Strike traffic

2020 October

Honeypot Network Forensics

2019 May

CapLoader 1.8 Released

2019 January

Video: TrickBot and ETERNALCHAMPION

2018 July

CapLoader 1.7 Released

2018 February

Analyzing Kelihos SPAM in CapLoader and NetworkMiner

2017 October

CapLoader 1.6 Released

2017 March

CapLoader 1.5 Released

2017 January

Network Forensics Training at TROOPERS 2017

2016 September

Bug Bounty PCAP T-shirts

2016 May

Detecting Periodic Flows with CapLoader 1.4

2016 March

Packet Injection Attacks in the Wild

2015 December

Network Forensics Training at TROOPERS

2015 November

BPF is your Friend

2015 October

Port Independent Protocol Detection

2015 September

CapLoader 1.3 Released

2014 November

Observing the Havex RAT

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